An Operating System (OS) is a program that controls a computer's hardware and software resources. The operating system is responsible for functions such as memory management, process management, and file system management. The operating system also provides a user interface and manages tasks such as user accounts and permissions. All other software runs on top of the OS, which provides the essential functionality required for a computer to operate.
A Virtual Private Network (VPN) creates a secure connection over a public network (usually the Internet) to connect remote users or sites. When employees work remotely, VPNs help keep sensitive data safe from eavesdroppers and attackers. VPNs increase security by encrypting data sent over the connection.
Multi-Factor Authentication is a security measure that requires two or more independent credentials to verify a user's identity. Using multiple authentication factors reduces the chance that an attacker can impersonate a user if one factor is compromised.
An OTP bot sends one-time passwords (OTPs) to users to help authenticate them.
TLS uses public-key cryptography: the server presents a certificate that contains a public key, which client devices use to establish an encrypted connection.
Denial of Service (DoS) is an attack in which an attacker attempts to make a system or network unavailable to its users. DoS attacks can be carried out in a number of ways, such as flooding a server with requests or traffic.